# Good Question 8 – or not?

Today’s question is not a good question. It’s a bad question.

But sometimes a bad question can become a good one.

This one leads first to a discussion of units, then to all sorts of calculus.

Here’s the question a teacher sent me this week taken from his textbook:

The normal monthly rainfall at the Seattle-Tacoma airport can be approximated by the model $R=3.121+2.399\sin \left( 0.524t+1.377 \right)$, where R is measured in inches and t is the time in months, t = 1 being January. Use integration to approximate the normal annual rainfall.  Hint: Integrate over the interval [0,12].

Of course with the hint it’s not difficult to know what to do and that makes it less than a good question right there. The answer is $\displaystyle \int_{0}^{12}{R(t)dt=37.4736}$ inches. You could quit here and go on to the next question, but …

Then a student asked. “If R is in inches shouldn’t be in units of the integral be inch-months, since the unit of an integral is the units of the integrand times the units of the independent variable?”  Well yes, they should. So what’s up with that?

Also, the teacher figured that the integral of a rate is an amount and our answer is an amount, so why isn’t the integrand a rate?

The only answer I could come up with is that the statement “R is measured in inches” is incorrect; R should be measured in inches /month. The opening phrase “normal monthly rainfall” also seems to point to the correct units for R being inches/month.

Problem solved; or maybe does this lead to a different concern?

The teacher pointed out that R(6) = 0.7658 inches is a reasonable answer for the amount of rain in June whereas $\displaystyle \int_{0}^{6}{R(t)dt=}20.4786$ is not.

If R is a rate, then the amount of rain that falls in June (t = 6) is given by $\displaystyle \int_{5}^{6}{R(t)dt}=0.9890$.

From here on we will assume that R is a rate with units of inches/month. Here are the individual monthly rates calculated with a CAS.

The total amount of rainfall (second line above) appears be R(1) + R(2) + R(3) + … +R(12) = 37.4742. This is very close to the amount calculated by integration.

The slight difference of 0.0006 is not a round off error.

Remember, behind every definite integral there is a Riemann sum!

Again the units are the problem. Why does the sum of the monthly rates seem to give the total amount?  The reason is that the terms of the sequence above are actually the values of a right-side Riemann sum of the rate, R(t), over the interval [0,12] with 12 equal subdivisions of width 1 (month) each with the 1’s left out as 1’s often are. Therefore, their sum should come close to the total yearly rainfall, but it is really just an approximation of it.

The actual total for any month, n, is given by $\displaystyle \int_{n-1}^{n}{r(t)}dt$. For example the amount of rain that falls in June is given by $\displaystyle \int_{5}^{6}{R(t)dt}=0.9890$ inches.

Here is the sequence of the actual monthly rainfall values in inches, and their sum.

This agrees with the integral. Why? Because one of  the properties of integrals tell us that $\displaystyle \sum\limits_{n=1}^{12}{\int_{n-1}^{n}{r(t)dt}}=\int_{0}^{12}{r(t)dt}$.

Another instructive thing with this integral is this: The function $R=3.121+2.399\sin \left( 0.524t+1.377 \right)$ is periodic with a period of  $\frac{2\pi }{0.524}\approx 11.9908\approx 12$. So the sine function takes on (almost) all its values in a year, as you would expect. Since the sine values all but cancel each other out

$\displaystyle \int_{0}^{12}{3.121+2.399\sin \left( 0.524t+1.377 \right)dt}\approx \int_{0}^{12}{3.121dt=3.121\left( 12-0 \right)=37.452}$. Close!

The total rainfall divided by 12 is $\frac{37.452}{12}=3.121$ this must be close to the average rainfall each month. The average rainfall is $\displaystyle \frac{1}{12}\int_{0}^{12}{R\left( t \right)dt}=3.1228$ inches. Close, again!

So there you have it. Is this a good question or not? We considered all these concepts while working not just with an equation but with numbers from a poorly stated problem:

• Unit analysis
• Integration by technology
• Realizing that a pretty good approximation is not correct, due again to units.
• A Riemann sum approximation in a real situation that comes very close to the value by integration
• Using a property of a periodic function to greatly simplify an integral
• Finding average value two ways

So it turns out to be a sunny day in Seattle.

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